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Official text of California Senate Bill 53 (2025–2026 session), which adds transparency and incident-reporting duties for developers of large frontier artificial intelligence models — amending the Business and Professions Code (new Chapter 25.1, commencing with Section 22757.10), the Government Code (Section 11546.8) and the Labor Code (new Chapter 5.1, commencing with Section 1107). Registered with the Secretary of State on 29 September 2025.

Official English text of the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (ETS No. 108), opened for signature in Strasbourg on 28 January 1981 — the first binding international instrument on data protection, comprising 20 articles. The Convention as modernised by Protocol CETS No. 223 (“Convention 108+”) is published separately in this library.

Full text of the Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China as amended on 28 October 2025 (effective 1 January 2026), 81 articles in seven chapters: the new Article 3 (CPC leadership and the holistic approach to national security), the new Article 20 on artificial intelligence, the new Article 63 on penalties for uncertified critical network equipment, and the substantially raised penalty caps (up to RMB 10 million). English translation by our editorial team (non-official).

Official full text of the Data Security Law of the PRC: 7 chapters, 55 articles, adopted 2021-06-10, in force 2021-09-01. English text from the NPC official English site (marked “Translation for Reference Only”); Chinese original from the Cyberspace Administration of China.

Official text of Executive Order 14365 of 11 December 2025, “Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence”, published at 90 FR 58499 (16 December 2025), nine sections: policy of a minimally burdensome national AI framework, an AI Litigation Task Force, a Commerce Department evaluation of State AI laws, restrictions on State funding (BEAD, discretionary grants), an FCC proceeding on a Federal reporting and disclosure standard, an FTC policy statement on preemption, and a legislative recommendation that does not preempt State laws on child safety, AI compute/data-centre infrastructure, State procurement, and other topics as determined.

Full text of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services (promulgated 10 July 2023, effective 15 August 2023), 24 articles in five chapters: scope, training-data obligations, provider duties, obligations to users, security assessment and algorithm filing for services with public-opinion or social-mobilisation attributes, and penalties. English translation by our editorial team (non-official, cross-checked article by article against the official Chinese text).

Full text of the Measures for the Labelling of AI-Generated Synthetic Content (promulgated 14 March 2025, effective 1 September 2025), 14 articles: definitions of explicit and implicit labels, labelling duties across six content scenarios, verification duties of dissemination platforms, and the prohibition on providing tools that remove labels. English translation by our editorial team (non-official, cross-checked article by article against the official Chinese text).

Full text of the Measures for the Security Assessment of Data Export (Cyberspace Administration of China Order No. 11, promulgated 7 July 2022, effective 1 September 2022), 20 articles: the triggers for filing, the self-assessment of risks, materials required, the assessment factors, mandatory clauses in legal documents, the 45-working-day time limit, and the two-year validity of assessment results. English translation by our editorial team (non-official, cross-checked article by article against the official Chinese text).

Official full text of the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC: 8 chapters, 74 articles, adopted 2021-08-20, in force 2021-11-01. English text as published on the NPC official English site (marked “Translation for Reference Only”).

Official English text of Protocol CETS No. 223, which modernises Convention 108 (the “Convention 108+”) — opened for signature in Strasbourg on 10 October 2018, comprising 40 articles: amendments to Convention 108 article by article (Articles 1–35) and final clauses (Articles 36–40). Per the Council of Europe Treaty Office, it enters into force upon ratification by all Parties to Treaty ETS 108, or, as from 11 October 2023, once 38 Parties to the Convention have ratified it.